Humanities

Black Literature: Hughes, Cullen, Baraka, and Madhubuti

The term “Jazzoetry” was coined by the Last Poets, who used it as the name of one of their albums. The term was applied to the revolutionary style of poetry with a jazz background that they had popularized during their 70s heyday. While the term may not have applied so much to the written word, particularly that before it, there were black poets who wrote with an afrocentric flow and fervor that was inspiration and insightful.
Amiri Baraka is one such poet and is considered the founding father of the Black Arts Movement. He was born Everett LeRoi Jones, in Newark, New Jersey, October 7, 1934.
Baraka (still writing under his given name of LeRoi Jones) found success early, winning the Obie In 1964 for his racially-charged play, “The Dutchman,” which focused on the brief, but volatile rapport between a young black man and a blonde temptress. He later opened a school that emphasized blackness in an artistic, musical, poetic and dramatic context.
He later divorced his (white) wife and adopted a more nationalist perspective and changed his name to Imamu Amiri Baraka. He remarried, to Sylvia Robinson, who adopted the name Amina Baraka.
In 1961 Baraka had his work, “Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note” published. Two years later came, “Blues People.” But his real notoriety came when his poetry took on a stance similar to that of the Black Muslim Movement and took on what many labeled an “Anti-Semitic” tenor. Since then he has published 17 other books, including “Four Black Revolutionary Plays” (1969), “Raise Race Rays Raize: Essays Since 1965, 1971,” “The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka” (1984), and “Somebody Blew Up America” (2001).
In 2002 Baraka was named Poet Laureate of New Jersey. One of his detractors is negro lickspittle and anti-affirmative Action crusader,. Ward Connerly. He described Baraka as, “One of America’s premier haters and anti-Semites,” in reference to the poem, “Somebody Blew Up America.” That particular work accused Israel of having prior knowledge of the 911 attacks and did nothing to alert Americans. Because of the ensuing controversy, Baraka resigned his post in 2003.
Connerly elaborated: “the New Jersey Council for the Humanities and the New Jersey State Council on the Arts formed a panel that appointed this “artist” as poet laureate. That’s right. They appointed him to this prestigious paid position ($10,000 for a two-year term, no less) in spite of the fact that he had published dozens of anti-Jewish, anti-white, pro-Black Panther screeds during the last 25 years…Did they really think his hate-infused, Jew-bashing, hip-hop-like lyrics were truly poetic?…Now I’m starting to wonder if there aren’t more Amiri Barakas out there, dishing out filth and hate under the guise of a poet laureate of another state. It wouldn’t hurt any of us to check this out.”
Technically different, Countee Cullen was born in Louisville, Kentucky, March 30, 1903, (though for most of his life he claimed New York City as his birthplace. Along with Richard Wright, Langston Hughes, Phillis Wheatley and Paul Laurence Dunbar. Among others, Cullen was one of the stars of the Harlem Renaissance. During this time He published several books of poetry, “Color” (1925), “Copper Sun” (1927) and “The Ballad of the Brown Girl” (1927)..
While his themes were black, many believed he “wrote white.” Cullen experimented with sonnets, quatrains, and other poetic forms and was influenced by John Keats. However, his work often dealt with racial issues.”
One such poem is “Simon the Cyrenian Speaks”:
He never spoke a word to me / And yet He called my name /
He never gave a sign to me / And yet I knew and came.
At first I said, “I will not bear / His cross upon my back /
He only seeks to place it there / Because my skin is black.
But He was dying for a dream / And He was very meek,
And in His eyes there shone a gleam / Men journey far to seek.
It was Himself my pity bought / I did for Christ alone
What all of Rome could not have wrought / With bruise of lash or stone.
There is a symmetry and flow to his words. It is simple yet powerful in its expression of suffering. Cullen died in 1946, falling victim to high blood pressure.
Haki R. Madhubuti is a poet who has risen to literary prominence in the Black Arts Movement. He gained his first successes writing poetry during the 60’s and early 70’s writing under his given name, Don L. Lee (He changed his name in 1973). He is also an essayist and is founder of and editor at Third World Press, the oldest Black publishing company in the Unites States. He is also a noted lecturer and educator, serving as the director of the Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing Program at Chicago State University.
Madhubuti was born in Little Rock, Arkansas February 23, 1942, but was raised in Detroit. He started his literary career in 1967 with the publication of a collection of essays titled, “Think Black.” Some of his other poetic offerings include the collections, “We Walk the Way of the World,” and “Don’t Cry, Scream.” He has published 18 other books including, “Black Men: Obsolete, Single, Dangerous,” “The African American Family in Transition,” and “Claiming Earth: Race, Rage, Rape, Redemption.”
His perspective is decidedly pro-black, seeking to raise issues for discussion and dissemination. One of his conscious-raising works is “Change Up,” which says:
change-up/
change-up,/
let’s go for ourselves/
both cheeks are broken now./
change-up,/
move past the corner bar,/
let yr/split lift u above that quick high./
change-up…/
He again takes a point-blank approach in “My Brothers, My Brothers”:
my brothers/
my brothers i will not tell you/
who to love or not love/
i will only say to you/
that/
Black women have not been/
loved enough./
i will say to you/
that/
we are at war & that/
Black men in america are/
being removed from the/
earth/
Madhubuti states, “We are only equipped to survive, but survival is not enough. We go to malls and stores to buy products from people who don’t even like us…We are buying stuff and we worship ownership. But first we must take ownership of ourselves–when you don’t know yourself, you have no ownership of yourself. If all Black children were made aware of their culture and history beyond the context of slavery, they would rise above the limited frustrations of others and themselves.”
James Mercer Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. He died May 22, 1967 of cancer. During that 65-year span he created a vast body of work that includes more than 25 books (16 were poetry books), twenty plays, several autobiographical works and radio and television scripts. Some of his most notable works are “The Big Sea,” “I Wonder As I Wander,” “Shakespeare In Harlem” and “The Best of Simple.”
At age 17 he went to Mexico for a year, and despite being with his father found it not to his liking. He also served a hitch in the army and traveled the world, including several trips to Russia and to Africa. The latter influenced his writing, especially in the poem, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers.”
Langston began writing poetry in the eighth grade. Years later and against his father’s wishes, he dropped out of Columbia University. Shortly thereafter his first poem (“The Negro Speaks of Rivers”) was published. Known primarily as a poet, Hughes earned distinction by penning plays, essays and novels as well. He created a series of books on a dim-witted character he called, Jess B. Simple.
But his most well-known work is the poem, “A Dream Deferred”:
What happens to a dream deferred?/
Does it dry up / like a raisin in the sun?
Or fester like a sore– / And then run? /
Does it stink like rotten meat? / Or crust and sugar over–
like a syrupy sweet? /
Maybe it just sags / like a heavy load./
Or does it explode?
Hughes asserted, “We younger Negro artists now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are glad. If they aren’t, it doesn’t matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too… If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn’t matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, as strong as we know how and we stand on the top of the mountain, free within ourselves.”
Hughes heyday was in the 20’s. After a trip to Africa in 1923, he returned and flourished during the Harlem Renaissance. He took a job working under Carter G. Woodson, editor of the Journal of, but returned to Harlem in 1926. He also returned to school (University of Pennsylvania), earning his B.A. degree three years later.
The influence of these four men is alive and well, their works srving as an impetus for today’s new cadre of black poets.
Paul P. Reuben, “Amiri Baraka / LeRoi Jones,” Perspectives in American Literature, chapter 10
Ward Connerly, “Amiri Baraka Hits a New Low,” The Washington Times, October 11, 2002
Amiri Baraka profile, Wikipedia
Biography of Langston Hughes, Wikipedia
Andrew P. Jackson (Sekou Molefi Baako), “Langston Hughes” No additional information available

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Timothy N. Stelly, Sr. is a poet and novelist residing in Northern California. He has authored two books, “Tempest In The Stone” and “The Malice of Cain.” He is a frequent contributor to several e-zines.

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Last Night

Last night I watched an artisan in the moment of the first showing of his creation to others. It reminded me of a young man taking his first risk of rejection with a young woman. He tentatively exposes himself to the risk of rejection while offering himself up in hopes of acceptance. We all go through this every day in our interactions with others. We take measured risks in seeking acceptance from others. Some of us, having faced repeated or particularly difficult rejections, give up and withdraw into ourselves refusing further risk. Others work to find ways to manipulate people into accepting them all the while knowing that recognition received in this way never has any real value. Most of us have become careful in how and when (and with whom) we take these risks.
Artisans, I have noticed, are forced to take these risks every time they create something. Even the celebrated craftsman offers his newest creation with a measure of fear and trembling. But they take the risk nonetheless. There must be something within that drives them to bring their creations to life and to share those creations with us. This, of course, is true of all artists: they must share; they must take the risk of rejection. This truth became experience for me last night as I watched the artisan bring in his new creation.
We all turned from what we were doing as he hand carried the chair into the house. A sort of expectant silence filled the room until we could all sense the palpable effect of his emotions in exposing this bit of his essence for our review. There was now no turning back: his self worth was on the line. He set the chair down and turned to us, unable to escape the vulnerable place in which he now found himself.
It’s interesting how most of us, when faced with a person who has just offered a part of their personhood to us for us to accept or reject, miss entirely the significance of the moment. We offer our opinions with little thought for the impact they may have. But last night we got it. We joined him in the moment and shared in rejoicing over one more tiny place where crass commercialism could not intrude.
Last night we witnessed something important; something you will never see at Wal-mart. We shared in the introduction of something that will likely be here in one hundred years or more. Long after we’re gone that chair will live on doing what it was made to do. Last night some pieces of wood became something that will provide enjoyment for generations of people.

Akylina Lee is mother to three adult children and an observer of life.

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Literary Fiction – Is it in Danger of Dying Out?

If Ernest Hemingway were alive today and publishing his first novel at the infancy of the 21st century, would anyone care? I’d have to say, probably not. This is of course, unfortunate. Whether you like his work or consider it overly macho and sexist, there is one undeniable fact: Hemingway redefined the way early 20th century American literature was written. In his simple, yet amazingly realistic style, he was able to relate more to the common man, rather than appealing to ultra-elite society as the countless Victorian authors did before him. Not to say he was the first to write about average everyday people, but it was the way he wrote his fiction that made the average everyday people want to read it. By scrapping the pretentious Victorian-style narrative and sticking to the actual guts of the story, his novels became the everyman’s novels, and this is what made him an international superstar in his day.
But today this would not be enough to get old Ernie that kind of attention. In fact, it may not even be enough to get him published. Today it takes a brand-able or franchise-able idea that has the potential to branch out into spin-off products and mega-movie deals to garner that kind of worldwide attention from a novel. Examples include The Da Vinci Code and the Harry Potter series. They have that mega-million dollar potential that drives authors to the top of the bestseller lists for months at a time. But why is it that the bestseller lists are so often dominated by genre novels? What happened to the literary novels that used to rule the book world?
I don’t want to offend anyone here, but I would like to take one moment to explain the difference between “literary” fiction and “genre” fiction (genre meaning Mystery, Sci-Fi, Romance, etc.) Many people actually have no idea that there is a difference. In fact, when someone asked me once what genre I wrote in, I said, “I don’t write in a genre. I write literary fiction.” They laughed and said, “Isn’t all fiction literary?” Well maybe they were confusing the word “literary” with “literature,” but at any rate I will now explain the difference for those of you who don’t know. I do want to say upfront that I am in no way putting down genre fiction, since it too has its merits and value. And many times genre fiction may even take on some aspects of literary, and vice versa. However, the focus here is on whether or not literary fiction has completely fallen off the general public’s proverbial radar screen . . . So, I continue.
The main difference between genre and literary fiction is one thing: conflict. Conflict is that all-important element in fiction, so important that without it you have no story to tell. Conflict is the problem the characters must solve, the obstacle they must overcome, the foe they must defeat, etc. And, there are two types of conflict: External and Internal. External is the type of conflict utilized by genre writers. For example, in a murder mystery the conflict would be the murder that the detective is trying to solve. In science fiction it might be that the alien hoards have just landed in Jersey and the Air Force is faced with destroying them. Whatever it is, in genre, the conflict is always external, i.e. aliens are an external force the Air Force pilots must defeat, the murder is an external problem the detective must solve. So the conflict depends more on these external forces, rather than the characters.
In literary fiction, the conflict is much different, it’s internal, which means it is character driven. It focuses less on the external forces the characters must overcome, and more on the internal forces the characters must face within themselves. For example, it may be a story about a man who has cheated on his wife and his conflict is whether or not he should tell her. Or (and this is where the mixing of genre and literary comes in) the alien hoards have landed in Jersey, once again, and the Air Force pilots must decide if they believe it morally correct to blow them to kingdom come. That’s the beauty of literary fiction, there is a much deeper revealing of the characters in that it explores what we as human beings would do in these situations, rather than what an idealized character may do. Like us all, they are not purely black or white. They are instead gray characters, sharing both good and bad qualities. This is what literary fiction does; it explores the true nature of, well, human nature.
So, is literary fiction falling through the cracks of mainstream society? If so it’s not because it isn’t being written. On the contrary, there are plenty of contemporary literary writers in America today who are all worth the accolades and awards they have received. But have you ever heard of Marilynne Robinson or Jeffrey Eugenides, two fairly recent and award winning literary novelists? You may have, but how about Richard Bausch? He was once called “one of our greatest short story writers” whose literary stories “deserve inclusion among the best American stories of the past 20 years.” It could be said that Bausch is near the top of the modern literary strata as far as talent goes, but have you ever heard of him? Is his name as recognizable as Dan Brown or J.K. Rowling? Indeed, not. So why is that? In 2004, genre fiction made up about 75% of all fiction sold, while “general fiction” made up about 25% (this is according to Romance Writers of America, Inc., who of course noted that the genre of Romance had the largest share at over 33%).
In general, sales for all books have been declining in recent years. This may be attributed to many factors, one in particular I like to call, the MTV factor. I mean, why waste your time reading a book about twenty-year-olds having sex in a hot tub when you can watch it on cable television, right? MTV, however, is not the cause of this problem, but just another symptom of what has been coined by the talking head as, “the dumbing down of America.” If this phenomenon exists it is something we must all live with, but is it the reason less literary novels are being read today? After all, it doesn’t take a genius to enjoy literary fiction. I enjoy literary fiction, and I am certainly no genius. So could it be the publishers? Are they to blame for the slow demise of this once sought-after art form? Well, they certainly contribute to it, since a book about a teenage wizard does mean a bigger profit margin than say, a novel about a dieing preacher writing an account of his life for his seven-year-old son (Gilead, Marilynne Robinson). But whether or not the mega-conglomerate publishers bare the bulk of the responsibility for the impending death of literary fiction is unclear. What does seem to be painfully clear is, whatever the reason, literary fiction is no longer craved and devoured by the masses as it once was. In fact, most Americans will only read literary fiction in grade school. But what turns out to be an even scarier statistic is that after high school, the majority of them will never pick up a book, of any kind, for the rest of their natural lives; a sad sign that we are doomed as a literary society. So I suppose in the end, we should be happy that those that do read are reading at all, no matter what kind of fiction it is.
© 2005 by David Tucholski
This article comes with reprint rights providing no changes are made and the resource box below accompanies it.

David Tucholski is the author of the novel, The Good I Stand On (an iUniverse Editor’s Choice pick), available at Amazon, as well as several other works that can be found on his website: http://www.davidtucholski.com
Visit http://www.thegoodistandon.com for more about his debut novel.

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Those Tenacious Chinese

“Above the Turon River in the Great Dividing Range, Australia, a lonely Chinese grave looks down on long abandoned gold diggings. Locals in the Sofala pub will tell you the old market gardener used to wash and clean the bones of fellow diggers who had died, fill them with gold and send them back. When his time came, there was nobody to send him home.” Quote from: ‘Damien Murphy’.
Did anyone see the TV program on the worlds first trans continental railway built in the US in the 1860’s? Just as well boatloads of Chinese, fleeing from persecution, turned up on the West coast at the right time, or the one foot per day progress across some of the highest mountains in America, would never have been achieved.
Australia has its own stories of those amazing Chinese.
Historian Janis Wilton commented that the Sofala grave illustrates the loneliness of the Chinese living in an adopted culture that never really recognized them as Australian sons. “On one hand the Chinese were seen as a menacing threat, on the other, they were an exotic presence, often forced to live a secret existence, the silence of which continues to reverberate down the generations to their present-day descendants,” she says
“But these people today have the stories of those men and women who came to Australia for the first gold and tin rushes. They were handed down by word-of-mouth, and remind the rest of us of the contribution they made to our society”
Dennis Sue-Fong’s grandfather, George, (his new Australian name) at the age of thirteen came ashore at Cooktown in the late 1870s.
Those early Chinese adventurers were tough people. George, along with many other Chinese immigrants, eagerly trekked on foot to the Palmer River gold fields to find his fortune but like so many unlucky ones this was not to be and so disappointed but not without hope he again traveled on foot all the way south to Sydney where he labored a while for just keep, before returning north some years later to the small tin mining town of Emmerville.
His traveling was no mean feat when you consider that the place was full of snakes and man-eating crocodiles along with a lot of narrow minded Englishmen who pulled his pig tale and called him names. A lot of the old Chinese used to hire themselves out as cooks in the sheering camps. Some of them married the locals and the resulting combination of Chinese and Aboriginal blood, called ‘yella fellas’ produced some of the best horsemen of the northern territory.
Dennis’ ancestors eventually shifted to a place called Inverell on the north western slopes of the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales. It was here that Dennis’ other grandfather started a variety store called Hong Yuen & Co which eventually became so viable that it was one of the largest in town. As a large general store it could practically supply anything you desired. As a credit to the family’s business acumen, in 2006 the store is still operational; Dennis’ mother had been a shareholder while his father shared in management.
His father, Ernest, also operated a large sapphire mine from where Dennis learnt about sapphires. Occasionally working with his Uncle who had started a wholesale Jewellery business he became quite familiar with the industry. It was at this point that I came in contact with him and introduced him to the opal industry. We are both still involved in that industry today. www.opalmine.com is a site that features the stones we deal in.
Dennis was dealing in sapphires and sapphire Jewellery when I first met him. He had established his own wholesale business but was struggling with falling sapphire demand. I suggested that opals were a much more appealing proposition to get into because of the increasing tourist trade with Japan and the USA. That was back in the late 80’s. We have been associated in the opal business ever since. In the mid 1990s I personally saw the great potential of the internet and quickly established the internationally known http://www.opalmine.com with its encyclopedia of opal and a chat forum with contributions from all over the worl
In early 2005 Dennis was about to embark on another of our opal selling trips around Australia when his dear wife Debbie became seriously ill with cancer. We are all hoping she will get well soon. – Peter Brusaschi

Peter Brusaschi is a 4th generation Australian of Italian, Irish, Swedish, English ancestry. His Italian great grandfather Giovanni came from Italy in 1858 and settled in the gold mining fields of Victoria. Peter has been in the opal gemstone business for 30 years and has written a CD on the subject. He is the owner of the very successful http://www.opalmine.com with its internationally popular opal chat forum.

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The Girl of Friday

A centuries-old mystery has crossed my path again …
I mentioned in a recent article that there was a dispute in many academic quarters regarding the actual Viking deity being honored by the name, ‘Friday.’ The cold, hard fact is that unless someone unearths a runic stone that confirms the issue — and that’s not likely — only a preponderance of circumstantial evidence is going to carry the day in any such debate.
So, while others while away their time contemplating world peace, I’ve returned to the search for Friday’s inspiration.
If you’ll recall, four of the seven days of the week are named after Norse gods:
- Tuesday is for Tyr, the god of truth and war,
- Wednesday is for Odin, the Allfather of Viking gods,
- Thursday is for Thor, the god of thunder,
- Friday, however is cloaked in ambiguity.
I’d always heard the day’s name-origin came from Frigg, Odin’s elder wife — he had more than one — and this is supported by the most scholarly of English references, such as the Oxford dictionary. Others say it was for either Frey or Freja, who were brother and sister in the Vanir clan. Frey was the god of fertility, so it was considered essential to keep him happy; Freja was the goddess of love and beauty, so it didn’t hurt to keep on her good side, either.
Frigg’s duties were to be the goddess of the sky. It was a subtle job, but someone had to do it.
Turning to cyberspace for resolution, I happened on an excellent guide in Norse matters, The Viking Answer Lady. She is so meticulous in her material that I felt the possibility of her bringing light to the issue was quite good. So, I contacted her. To say she did her research is an understatement. Here’s her reply to me:
“Since Western Europe all originally derived from Indo-European tribes, we find that there were a lot of correspondences between the various branches — not exact, one-for-one identity, but concepts are clearly related. So it’s no real surprise to find that the naming and symbolism of the days of the week, and the number of days in a week, might be pretty much the same in all the descendants of the Indo-Europeans.
“You can see the day-name correspondences in other languages that descend from Indo-European:
“Ancient Greek has: hemera selenes (moon day), hemera Areos (Ares’ day), hemera Hermu (Hermes’ day), hemera Dios (Zeus’ day), hemera Aphrodites (Aphrodite’s day), hemera Khronu (Chronos’ day), hemera heliou (sun day)
“Latin: Lunae dies (Moon-day, Monday), Martis dies (Mars-Day, Tuesday), Mercurii dies (Mercury’s day, Wednesday), Jovis dies (Jove’s day, Thursday), Veneris dies (Venus’ day, Friday), Saturni dies (Saturn’s day, Saturday) or alternatively Christian Sabbatum or Sabbati dies (Sabbath day), Solis dies (Sunday)or alternatively Christian Dominicus dies (Lord’s day)
“Unsurprisingly, the Romance languages clearly derive their day names from Latin, except for Portugese, which numbers the days:
“Italian: lunedi, martedi, mercoledi, giovedi, venerdi, sabato, domenica
“Spanish: lunes, martes, miércoles, jueves, viernes, sábado, domingo
“French: lundi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi, vendredi, samedi, dimanche
“Romanian: luni, marti, miercuri, joi, vineri, sîmbata, duminica
“Portugese: Segunda-Feira (2nd day, Monday); Terça-Feira (3rd day, Tuesday); Quarta-Feira (4th day, Wednesday); Quinta-Feira (5th day, Thursday); Sexta-Feira (6th day, Friday); Sábado (Sabbath, Saturday); Domingo (Lord’s Day, Sunday)
“The Celtic languages have taken and preserved the Latin names of the days, and also borrowed heavily from Christian concepts:
“Welsh: Dydd Llun (moon/Luna day), Dydd Mawrth (Mars’ day), Dydd Mercher (Mercury’s day), Dydd Iau (Jove’s day), Dydd Gwener (Venus’s day), Dydd Sadwrn (Saturn’s day), Dydd Sul (sun day)
“Gaelic: Di-luain (moon day); Di-máirt (Mars’s day); Di-ciaduinn or Di-ciadaoin (day of the first fast of the week – Friday being the second fast); Diardaoin (the day between the two fasts of Wednesday and Friday); Di-haoine or Dia-aoine (day of the fast) Di-sathuirn (Saturn day); Di-dómhnuich (Lord’s day)
“Irish: Dé Luan (moon/Luna day); Dé Mairt (Mars’ day); Dé Céadaoin (day of the first fast of the week); Déardaoin; Dé h-Aoine (the day between the two fasts of Wednesday and Friday); Dé Sathairn (Saturn’s day); Dé Domhnaigh (Lord’s day)
“The Germanic languages, however, are also related. Ares/Mars was equated with Týr as a warrior god. Zeus/Jupiter was equated with Thórr as the god who hurled lightnings. Mercury was equated with Óðinn, since both had a role as psychompomps, the one who leads the dead to their afterlife. Aphrodite/Venus was equated with Frigga and Freyja.
“German: Montag (moon day), Dienstag (Týr’s day), Mittwoch (Mid-week), Donnerstag (Donner’s/Thórr’s day), Freitag (Freyja/Frigga’s day), Samstag (derived ultimately from Latin Sabbatum), Sonntag (sun day)
“Dutch: maandag (moon day), dinsdag, woensdag (Woden’s/Óðinn’s day), donderda (Donner’s/Thórr’s day), vrijdag (Freyja/Frigga’s day), zaterdag (Saturn day), zondag (sun day)
“Norwegian and Danish: mandag (moon day), tirsdag (Týr’s day), onsdag (Óðinn’s day), torsdag (Thórr’s day), fredag (Freyja’s/Frigga’s day), lørdag (washing day), søndag (sun day)
“Swedish: mÃ¥ndag (moon day), tisdag (Týr’s day), onsdag (Óðinn’s day), torsdag (Thrr’s day), fredag (Freyja/Frigga’s day), lördag (wash day), söndag (sun day)
“Old English: mondæg or monandæg (moon day); tiwesdæg (Tiw’s day, Týr’s day); wodnesdæg (Wotan’s/Óðinn’s day); thunresdæg (Thórr’s day); frigedæg (Frigga’s/Freya’s day); sæterdæg or sæternesdæg (Saturn’s day); sunnandæg (sun day)
“Middle English: monday, moneday, or monenday (moon day); tiwesday or tewesday (Tiw’s day, Týr’s day); wodnesday, wednesday, or wednesdai (Wotan’s/Óðinn’s day); thursday or thuresday (Thórr’s day); fridai (Frigga’s/Freya’s day); saterday (Saturn’s day); soneday, sonenday, sunday, sunnenday (sun day)
“North Frisian: monnendei (moon-day); Tirsdei (Týr’s-day); Winsdei (Wotan’s/Óðinn’s day); Türsdei (Thórr’s day); Fridei (Frigga’s/Freyja’s day); sennin (sun-evening); sennedei (sun day)
“Etymologically, it’s impossible to tell for certain whether the ‘Friday’ words derive from Frigga or Freyja (at least so I am told, I am not a philologist or linguistics expert). We can tell by the cognates that the name is from a goddess equated with Venus and Aphrodite.
“We get into further problems in that ‘Freyja’ is derived from roots meaning simply ‘lady’ while ‘Frigga’ comes from roots related to ‘beloved.’ There have been several scholars who insist that Frigga and Freyja are just different titles for the same goddess.
“None the less, undoubtedly ‘Friday’ comes from the name of one of these two goddeses, and not from the name of the god Freyr.”
Now, that’s the sort of studied thoroughness that can achieve Master’s degrees. It’s a preponderance of evidence that can carry the day in a court of law. Even though she only eliminated one of the three contenders to the title of Friday’s Namesake, the Viking Answer Lady has gone above and beyond the call of duty to provide me with the information I requested.
I’m sure glad I didn’t tell her I was just trying to win a bar bet.

J Square Humboldt is the featured columnist at the Longer Life website, which is dedicated to providing information, strategies, analysis and commentary designed to improve the quality of living. His page can be found at http://longerlifegroup.com/cyberiter.html and his observations are published three times per week.

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Read This Article If You Just Really Want to Run Away

Remember the Run-Away Bride? Do you ever feel like that sometimes? Many people cannot believe that she ran away like that, yet deep inside you understand why don’t you? In fact the fight or flight response is a human mechanism, which is an innate characteristic of mankind. It runs deep in the primitive part of the Homo Sapien Brain.
Some believe that this mechanism is why the human species rose above other species and took the dominant role as top of the food chain for land surface mammals. Indeed, if you feel like you just really want to run away sometimes you are not alone and that thought runs deep in all people, regardless of nationality, culture, race, age or region of the world one lives.
If you think back in some of the problems that plagued out early ancestors you can see that those who ran away, lived to fight another day. And another way to say this is to observe that those who avoided being killed by an invading army, Volcano, Typhoon, Hurricane, Tsunami, Locust Plague or wild animals hunting in packs in a region moved to safer ground and lived longer lives and had more offspring, thus this is why you are here today.
So the chances of you considering the flight response when frustrated, angered or threatened are a factor of that genetic truth and evolutionary cycle. Therefore if you really feel like you would just really want to run away, that is perfectly natural and to over come that response to such stimuli you can only do that via brainpower. Think on this.

“Lance Winslow” – Online Think Tank forum board. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; http://www.WorldThinkTank.net/wttbbs/

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Writing the Civil War: The Why and How It Was Fought

America has always approached its conflicts as if extending the thought of the uniquely American way of life, that is to say as if to leave each man to his own devices and choices free to make or break his own way into life as he has been endowed by his creator. National defense, up until the advent of the Second World War was something for a small national army to attend to. The American Civil War was fought not by professional armies but by armies filled with patriots who answered the call of their respective side and put aside all personal want or gain for the larger call of defending their nation. As a historian and writer, I’ve collected some of my knowledge and research into this article to aid fellow writers in their desires to write short stories and novels set in the Civil War.
Why we fought
Reasons for volunteering are as varied as the individuals who fought. They can however be broken down into one of several categories and these can be considered as typical for the majority of soldiers on both sides of the war.
At the start of the war, patriotism was the primary reason hundreds of thousands gathered at town meetings, churches, court houses, and post offices to hear speeches, calls for patriotism, and opportunities for adventure. Volunteers on both sides of the Mason Dixon line saw the other in terms of five decades of sectional tensions and propaganda. For the typical northerner, the southern states that one by one voted to secede from the Union were traitors, rebelling against the lawful and legitimate government in Washington. Slavery was considered “that peculiar institution” by the typical volunteer and the cause of the tensions politically, and an otherwise inconsequential issue to the greater problem of the break up of the country along sectional lines. The call for volunteers was more often made for the restoration of the country than for the end of slavery. Depending on where one hailed from, the ardor for restoration vs. the abolitionist call for slavery’s end was proportionate to what state or region one lived.
New England states, with a long history and the first to end slavery after colonization tended to be more Abolitionist in sentiment. Wealth also played a part, the wealthy tending towards abolitionism as well as restoration of the Union over just for restoration. Western soldiers tended to be a little more restoration oriented and less concerned for slavery as an institution. No matter what state one lived in, it is clear from letters home and biographical information that the majority of soldiers volunteered for restoring the Union, only a minority having any philosophical qualms about the south and its slaves. After the Emancipation Proclamation, desertions in the Federal army rose and attributed to the change in what many thought was the unacceptable shift in the war’s direction. Obviously, those that deserted where another minority, the majority not caring enough about the change or accepting it as the normal consequence of the goal of victory and restoration of the Union to see the job through.
For the typical southerner, the protection of “the sacred soil” and the right to choose ones destiny motivated them to volunteer. Again, for the southern soldier, the fight to keep slavery as an institution was less a question of if it where right or not to keep a human in bondage, but the threat that the federal government would swoop down and dictate policy and society to a sovereign state was unacceptable. Knowing that the Union would not countenance the rebellion, southern strategy was based upon the defense – hoping that they could outlast the federal assaults and ware them down, a victory achieved by buying time and concessions. Having fewer resources and half the population, this was the only course to take. Accordingly, volunteers were drummed up by appealing to the manly virtue of protecting ones hearth and home from the hordes of northern hirelings and foreigners. It is fairly common knowledge that only a small percentage of the southern population owned even one slave.
Again, the decades of sectional conflict had created a mutual distrust of the motives of either side, and the average southern soldier only saw the threat of northern aggression. When South Carolina signed the ordinance of secession, the opportunity to express the pent up frustration at the economic, social, and political siege the south felt it had been under since the 1840’s was realized. Although a majority felt for the Union even afterwards, states like Virginia where politicians successfully voted against drawing up an ordinance of secession even after Ft. Sumter was fired upon, changed their minds when Lincoln called for the 90 day volunteers to put down the rebellion. Reasoning that it was better to stand with the other states on the concept of states rights than to allow a federal army to march on its soil, Virginia became one of the last states to vote to secede.
The average southern soldier, if asked why he volunteered would have stated that he fought to protect his home, which in many cases was literal. The famous Stonewall brigade spent most of the war fighting in its backyard in the Shenandoah Valley. He would have had little to say about slavery, other than his belief that no one had the right to dictate to him how to live his life or how.
How it was fought
Like any organization, an army will not stay static. The Union armies, more so than the confederate army, went through numerous reorganizations. Depending on what time period being considered for a story the military situation will be different based on early war, mid war, and late war.
Both sides came from a common military tradition, a common military training from West Point, and their leaders had served with one another in the Mexican war and in the westward expansions and Indian conflicts. Having this commonality, the way regiments were raised on both sides where practically the same and both armies went through similar transitions as they grew.
Recruiting for the volunteer regiments on both sides followed similar lines. In the North, each state was given a quota of men to fill into regiments after Lincoln’s call for ninety day volunteers. The Governors of each state commissioned well to do politicians and retired or current military men to raise regiments. These men then would then build a staff of lower ranking officers and send them out to recruit from the counties enough men to fill a company. The typical scene would be a town meeting, where patriotic speeches and music would rouse the fervor of those in attendance and names would be taken down for muster, a time and place being designated as the muster point. Seldom would one find a permanent recruiters point in any location, recruiting taking place sporadically. The philosophy at the time held that men who knew one another were more apt to serve with distinction than with total strangers. The United States had a long history of raising volunteer units in times of crises, and this more than anything lead to how units were raised in the civil war. The federal government still maintained active recruiting for the regular army, but the majority of soldiers who fought were three year volunteers who fought in regiments raised by the member states, which maintained their unique identity throughout the war, and were mustered out at its end.
Once the company had been recruited, the practice of electing company officers took place, although this was not a uniform practice, this would remain the identifying trademark of all volunteer units and point of contention at times between the regular officers who had to command them. The companies thus recruited would then be marched to a central location in the state to be united with their sister companies and designated as a regiment of the state. Taking the oath of federal service was the last act that would officially take the volunteers into the army.
Being virtually identical in the south, there is no need to describe a southern vs. northern way of recruiting. The south also maintained a regular army though again, the majority of its soldiers served in volunteer units. Though the confederate regular army regiments never were developed to the size of the federal standing army, they did see service in several battles.
There was a big difference in the way both sides treated the need for more men. On the Federal side, the states chose to raise more regiments instead of sending men to fill the vacancies in the current units. Though all units occasionally sent officers back home to recruit for the regiment, the need for manpower was usually acute in the existing units. At times units would be combined with others from the same state as they became too small to function on their own.
In the confederacy, as time went on and a unit’s attrition whittled it down, recruits would be raised from the state that raised the regiment to fill the vacancies.
Another difference between the two sides was the use of bounties and the draft. The confederacy never could levee a draft, the constitution ratified that created the confederation of southern states would not allow a strong central control over the constituent states, which at times created the situation where a state could and often did withhold vital resources in material and manpower claiming the sovereignty of the state as the excuse. In the north however, the draft and bounty created several problems for the regiments in the field. Men raised by bounty, whose motivation was purely money, often proved themselves to be poor soldiers, where more likely to desert and in general were of poor quality. Regiments whose numbers where bolstered by bounty men often saw their effectiveness in combat fall. The other factor was that the bounty men often lowered the unit’s morale. The draft, the last resort of the federal government, brought an even lower quality to the manpower sent to the regiments. For the men who had volunteered to preserve the union, who had survived from the beginning of the war, the advent of the bounty men and the practice of avoiding duty by sending a replacement after the draft left many feeling that their sacrifice and the sacrifice of those that had died had been cheapened.
Organization
The primary organization throughout the war was the brigade. The brigade was made up of from three to five regiments of infantry. Early in the war, brigades also had a constituent artillery battery assigned to it. This however was then moved to the division structure to be allocated as needed although brigades and batteries often still fought next to one another. The organization into divisions for both sides followed the battle of Bull Run.
Division:
The use of divisions in army structure was the next form of organization. The division would consist of from two to four brigades and supporting cavalry and artillery units attached. Cavalry for the federals were not used in organic structures until mid war, unlike the confederacy which used larger cav forces. The division became the primary means of command and control as the war progressed. Although a soldiers primary loyalty usually lay within his regiment or brigade, the division would be the primary means of moving forces about on the battle filed.
Corps:
The corps structure would not see use until after Fredericksburg for the Federal army. Joseph Hooker would re-organize the Army of the Potomac into Corps and assign each a singular badge of recognition, knowing that eventually this badge would not only be a means of identifying a unit on the field, but also a badge of honor and pride for the rank and file. Each division with in the Corps, usually from two to three, would have a specific color to their badge, thus again identifying them further in organization.
The confederates did not adopt a similar structure and their Corps and division were usually larger in compliment than their federal counter parts.
Army:
It would then stand to reason that an army would be made up of between two to five Corps. There did not seem to be any hard and fast rule for the organization of armies and how many corps would make up each. Location of manpower and other resources usually was the deciding factor. The Army of the Potomac at times numbered up to one hundred thousand men at times, while other armies would maybe number twenty to sixty thousand. Area of the country also played a part in where one served. Due to transportation limitations and the need to cover a large front, the Union armies tended to be divided by east and west. Those from western states, with the notable exception of the Iron Brigade and a smattering of other western units who found themselves in the East, usually stayed in the west. The same held true for eastern units with the exception of the two Corps who were sent west after Rosecrans was defeated at Chickamauga to break the siege of Chattanooga. These two Corps then stayed in the west and participated in the March to the sea under Sherman.
Due to the constant state of flux that the armies underwent, choosing a unit to place your characters will depend on the time period. Early war, your unit would belong to a brigade denoted by the officer in command of that brigade, i.e. Hatcher’s brigade, Sherman’s brigade, etc. Mid war, the division and army would be the identifying marks, and mid to late war, the corps belonged to. If writing about Bull Run, or Fredericksburg, or the Seven Days battles, you would not have a Corps structure, as all of these battles took place between 1861 and 1862.
Although Corps and Divisions had numbers on paper in an armies organization chart, they were referred to in orders and other documentation by the leader in command. Regiments kept their state designations, but brigades and divisions went by the leaders. Artillery batteries also went by the commander, often being designated by both the battery state of origins and the leader’s name. Cavalry units kept their state designations. This held true on both sides. Armies on the other hand, kept the same designations. Federal armies went by the principle water ways that they were organized in or primarily served in. Confederate armies went by the states they served in or were organized in. Some armies changed names over time as they were organized then re-organized.
©2005 by Phil Bryant

Phil Bryant is a Systems administrator for a Fortune 500 company and a writer/actor/director of numerous locally produced
stage plays and shorter dramas. Phil recieved his Bachelors of Arts in History from the University of New Mexico. Phil is an author on a site for
Writers and his portfolio can be visited at Author.

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Meet the Author: Dennis L. Siluk (Reviews Complied by: Rosa Penaloza )

By Rosa Peñaloza
Meet the Author: Dennis L. Siluk
(Reviews on the Author)
For this past year or so I have been writing comments about Dennis’ work, and today I want to share with you some of his reviews and comments other folks have had. He has a verity of literature out there, from short stories (over 200 now), to articles (over 800) to poems (over 1000)—and of course his 31 books, and he is working on four other books, and has done about 12-chapbooks. Most of this work has been done in the past five years, minus three books (and one Manuscript left over from 1984, published 13-years later), and six chapbooks, and miscellaneous poetry. Perhaps he is best know for his travels, he has traveled the world over, now it is almost 27-times around the world, or as he said: 687,000-air miles, thus, not to include all the travels on the road he did when he was young, going to San Francisco, and Omaha, along with Seattle, and the Dakotas, he lived in all these places in the 60s; in the 70s he traveled throughout Europe for four years, during this time he went to Vietnam, in 1971, and came back to Europe. Now he has spent, or taken eight trips to South America, where he has his second home, and where he loves the Mountains by Huancayo. Anyhow here is the reviews:
Meet the Author:
Note 1: Recent interview on Radio Programas del Perú, concerning his two publications: “Spell of the Andes,” and “Peruvian Poems”; reaching five countries, and three continents; over 15-million people; by Milagros Valverde, 11/15/2005, 11:00 PM. (Milagros read poems from both of Mr. Siluk’s books: “Spell of the Andes” and “The Ice Maiden”.)
Note 2: “Spell of the Andes,” recommended by the Cultural Agency in Lima- Peru; located in Alfredo Benavides # 605 – Apartment 201, phone number 2428942
Note 3: Interviewed by JP Magazine, interviewer Jose Luis Pantoja Ventocilla, who had very positive comments and appreciation for Dennis’ Poetic Peruvian Traditions and Contemporary way of Life; 10/26/2005.
Note 4: Mayor of San Jeronimo, Peru, Jesus Vargas Párraga, “All mayors should recognize Dennis’ work (on his Poetic Traditions of Peru; and favorable articles for the Mantaro Valley Region) and publicize it…. (paraphrased: we should not hide his work)”
Note 5: 91.7 Radio “Super Latina”, 10/19/2005, interviewer Joseito Arrieta, reaching 1.2 million people in the Mantaro Valley Region about the book “Spell of the Andes” (paraphrased): the Municipality and the Cultural House from Huancayo should give an acknowledgement for the work you did on The Mantaro Valley.
Note 6: Channel #5 “Panamericana” 10/16/2005, “Good Morning Huancayo” (in Huancayo, Peru ((population 325,000)); interviewed by reporter: Vladimir Bendezú, on Mr. Siluk’s two books: “Spell of the Andes,” and “Peruvian Poems”: also on, Mr. Siluk’s biography.
*Note 7: Cesar Hildebrandt, International Journalist and Commentator, for Channel #2, in Lima, Peru, on October 7, 2005, introduced Mr. Siluk’s book, “Peruvian Poems,” to the world, saying: “…Peruvian Poems, is a most interesting book, and important….” (Population of Lima, eight million, and all of Peru: twenty-five million)) plus a number of other Latin American countries: reaching about sixty-three million inhabitants, in addition, his program reaches Spain)).
Note 8: More than 240,000-visit Mr. Siluk’s web site a year: see his travels and books…!
Note 9: Mr. Siluk received a signed personal picture with compliments from the Dalai Lama, 11/05, after sending him his book with a letter, “The Last Trumpet…” on eschatology.
Note 10: Ezine Articles [Internet Magazine] 11/2005, recognized by the Magazine Team, as one of 250-top writers, out of 14,700. Christopher Knight, Editor; annual readership: twelve-million annually (or one million per month). Dennis has about 10,000 readers of his articles, poems and stories, alone on this site per month.
Note 11: Dennis L. Siluk Columnist of the Year, on the International Internet Magazine, Useless-knowledge.com; December 5, 2005 (Annual Readership: 1.5 million).
Note 12: Dennis L. Siluk was made Special Author, status, for the site www.Freearticles.com
Note 13: Mr. Siluk’s works are on over 400-web sites worldwide as of (early 2005)
Reviews:
Benjamin Szumskyj: Editor of SSWFT Magazine Australia
“In the Pits of Hell, a Seed of Faith Grows”
“The Macabre Poems: and other selected Poems,”
“…Siluk’s Atlantean poems are also well crafted, from the surreal…to the majestic…and convivial…” and the reviewer adds: “All up, Siluk is a fine poet…His choice of topic and theme are compelling and he does not hold back in injecting his own personal thoughts and feelings directly into his prose, lyrics, odes and verse…” (September 2005)
“…I liked your poem [‘The Bear-men of Qolqepunku’] very much. It is a very poignant piece.”
Aalia Wayfare
Researcher on the Practices
Of the Ukukus
“I just received your book ‘Spell of the Andes,’ and I like it a lot.’
—Luis Guillermo Guedes, Director
Of the Ricardo Palma Museum-House
In Lima, Peru [July, 2005]
“The Original title of the book Dennis L. Siluk presents is ‘Spell of the Andes’ which poems and stories were inspired by various places of our region and can be read in English and Spanish. The book divided in two parts presents the poems that evoked the Mantaro Valley, La Laguna de Paca…Miraflores, among other places. The book is dedicated to ‘the beautiful city of Huancayo’…”
By: Marissa Cardenas, Correo Newspaper,
Huancayo, Peru [7/9/05]
Translated into English by Rosa Peñaloza.
Mr. Siluk’s writings, in particular the book: ‘Islam, in Search of Satan’s Rib,’ induced a letter from Arial Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel, along with a signed picture. [2004]
“You’re a Master of the written world.” [Reference to the book: ‘Death on Demand’]
—Benjamin Szumskyj,
Editor of SSWFT-magazine out of Australia [2005]
A poetic Children’s tale “The Tale of Willy, the Humpback Whale” 1982 Pulitzer Prize entry, with favorable comments sent back by the committee.
“Dennis is a prolific and passionate writer.”
—Matt James,
Editor of ‘useless. knowledge,’ Magazine [2005]
“The Other Door,”…by Dennis L. Siluk…This is a collection of some 45 poems written…over a 20-year period in many parts of the world. Siluk has traveled widely in this country and Europe and some of the poems reflect his impressions of places he has visited. All of them have a philosophical turn. Scattered through the poems—some long, some only three lines—are lyrical lines and interesting descriptions. Siluk illustrated the book with his own pen and ink drawings.” —St. Paul Pioneer Press [1981)
“Your stories are wonderful little vignettes of immigrant life….
“… (The Little Russian Twins) it is affecting….”
—Sibyl-Child (a women’s art and culture journal) by Nancy Protun, Hyattsville, Md.; published by the Little Peoples’ Press, 1983
“The Other Door, by Dennis L. Siluk-62pp. $5….both stirring and mystical….”
—C.S.P. World News [1983]

See Dennis’ web site: http://dennissiluk.tripod.com

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Origin of Myths

Myths have been around since the beginning of time. It originated with the Greek’s account of creation and covers subjects from origins of civilizations, hero’s, customs and most any other imaginable subject. It has served as an excellent form for passing down history, and customs form one generation to the next; was one of the earliest forms of children’s literature.
“In the beginning there was a period of Chaos, when air, water, and matter were combined in a formless mixture. On this floated a Cosmic Egg, from which there arose Gaea (Earth) and Uranus (Sky). These deities created the earth and its creatures and the Sun, Moon, and Stars.”
The study of such is known as mythology. Where one studies a body or collection of myths belonging to a people addressing their origin, history, deities, ancestors, and heroes, or myths associated with an event, individual, or institution
Myth’s origins have became even more prevalent and proved invaluable as an instrument in promoting and perpetuating religions, folkways and mores as civilizations evolved into more complex and intellectual forms; in primitive times in preserving a nations or peoples history and passing it down from one generation to the next.
In conclusion then we might purpose that it is from the study of humanities difference and similarities whether it be their cultures, how they view themselves or govern themselves that myths not only originated, they perpetuated.

Writing has become a habit which gets more enjoyable with each article submitted.

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Being Present and Alert: What Does This Mean?

What are the advantages in our life of being present and alert? Why it is important to have these qualities in our life and what does it feel like. Often people say, it is not what you are doing that is important, it is what you are being.
Being awake and alert is something we take for granted as our natural state of consciousness.
There are many advantages to becoming conscious of this state of being, for a few minutes each day. Being conscious of that inner state of being, feeling the presence of the electromagnetic field of energy that permeates our physical body and forms the aura around the body, is very important.
By becoming aware and conscious of this field of energy, we set up feedback loops which help to increase its presence and strengthen the flow.
So what does it feel like to be present?
After reading this, try closing your eyes. Allow your awareness to settle, and relax. Look within yourself and, using your feelings, see if you can feel the energy flow within your body. See if you can feel or become aware of the presence of the aura around the body.
You may feel this in many different ways.
If you look deeply within yourself you may feel the inner bliss, the liveliness within the silence. If you smile you may feel the energies flow in a different way around the body and face. If you become conscious of your breathing, you may feel the life force coming in with each inbreath.
You may become conscious of the various flows of energy around your body: the flow which causes your lungs to expand and contract; the flow which pulses to create your heartbeat.
You may become aware that strong thoughts may cause a physical sensation or pulling in the flesh somewhere.
There are many ways to become self-aware. It is more the process of self-awareness that is important: the turning of consciousness back on itself to gain self-knowledge.
All things in the universe display intelligence, have orderliness within them. But it takes the human mind to turn this intelligence back on itself: by becoming self-aware, to convert this intelligence into intelligentness.
By becoming self-aware we become intelligent and can make choices. Also, it is only when we become aware of our gifts that we can start to use them.
If you get good at this process of self-awareness, you may start to become aware of the matrix that makes up your flesh and bones.
Become aware of the layers of energy and their energy fields at the level of the organs, cells, molecules and atoms of your body and their associated levels of awareness.
You may transcend matter altogether and become aware of the light body that interacts with the zero-point energy of space itself, which permeates all things.
You may realise that you are this space, the life force itself, and not the physical body at all. You are the eternal continuum of life, which is unmanifest and non-changing: the silent witness to all that happens in your life.
You may choose to take the awareness out of the physical body altogether and go astral travelling around the universe, flowing into and out of the various dimensions.
You may realise that you can look through the eyes of an insect on a wall in a far distant land and do remote viewing. You may choose to become conscious of what is in the next room and effectively just walk through the wall with your awareness.
When your awareness is within the quantum field of space, the zero-point energy or neutral energy, you have total freedom. This is a field of all possibilities and you are only limited by your own creativity and imagination. You have become aware of yourself and mastered yourself.

Message channelled by George Lockett (C) Copyright 2005, All Rights Reserved. Read HealerGeorge’s Blog: Journey into the Self
Yes, I can send you absent/distant healing: this will really help. Just follow the instructions on the home page of my web site at: HealerGeorge Web Site and Distant Healing
As you make your donation you will get the opportunity to put in your personal details, so I can focus the healing directly to you.
Or ask at question at: Ask HealerGeorge

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Facilities-Based Carrier Many of the larger telephone companies install, own, and
use their own networks of cables or fiber-optics instead of leasing from another
carrier. Keep in mind, though, that just because a company owns and uses its own
network, this does not always equal a better deal. Some resellers actually provide
a better deal because, as smaller companies, they may need your business much more
than a telephone mega-corporation.

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